Enzyme in cosmetic products can act as allergen via the skinPapain is an important industrial protein-degrading enzyme that used in food, cosmetic industries and many others. When humans or animals come in contact with papain, strong allergic reactions of the skin can be the result.
Papain is protein enzyme and can be present in papaya. Papain helps act as enzyme in catalyzing protein. It will break down the large molecule of protein into smaller molecules of proteins or into the smallest amino-acid subunit as well. It really helps in digestive process. |
Benefit of papain:
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Side effects of papain
Papain is safe when taken by mouth in amounts commonly found in foods. It is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth in medicinal amounts and when applied the skin as a solution in appropriate amounts. It can cause irritation of the throat and stomach. Taking large amounts of papain by mouth is POSSIBLY UNSAFE. In excessive doses, papain can cause severe throat damage. Also, applying raw papain to the skin is POSSIBLY UNSAFE. Skin contact with raw papain can cause irritation and blisters. There have also been reports of severe allergic reactions. |
How do we build up muscleAfter workout, our body repairs or replaces damaged muscle fibers through a cellular process where it fuses muscle fibers together to form new muscle protein strands or myofibrils. These repaired myofibrils increase in thickness and number to create muscle hypertrophy. Muscle hypertrophy involves an increase in size of skeletal muscle through a growth in size of its component cells
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Satellite cells are precursors to skeletal muscle cells. When activated, they help to add more nuclei to the muscle cells and therefore contribute directly to the growth of myofibrils. It's able to give rise to satellite cells or differentiated skeletal muscle cells. They have the potential to provide additional myonuclei to their parent muscle fiber, or return to a quiescent state.
Mechanisms That Make Muscles Grow
Insulin Growth Factor (IGF)-1, in particular Mecho-Growth Factor (MGF) and testosterone are the two most vital mechanisms that promote muscle growth. Testosterone is the main hormone that most people think about when working out with weights, and there seems to be some validity to the thought that testosterone increases protein synthesis, inhibits protein breakdown, activates satellite cells, and stimulates other anabolic hormones. Testosterone can also stimulate growth hormone responses by increasing the presence of neurotransmitters at the damaged fiber site, which can help to activate tissue growth.
The IGF regulates the amount of muscle mass growth by enhancing protein synthesis, facilitating glucose uptake, repartitioning the uptake of amino acids (the building blocks of protein) into skeletal muscles and once again, activates satellite cells to increase muscle growth.
Mechanisms That Make Muscles Grow
- Muscle tension
- Muscle damage
- Metabolic stress
Insulin Growth Factor (IGF)-1, in particular Mecho-Growth Factor (MGF) and testosterone are the two most vital mechanisms that promote muscle growth. Testosterone is the main hormone that most people think about when working out with weights, and there seems to be some validity to the thought that testosterone increases protein synthesis, inhibits protein breakdown, activates satellite cells, and stimulates other anabolic hormones. Testosterone can also stimulate growth hormone responses by increasing the presence of neurotransmitters at the damaged fiber site, which can help to activate tissue growth.
The IGF regulates the amount of muscle mass growth by enhancing protein synthesis, facilitating glucose uptake, repartitioning the uptake of amino acids (the building blocks of protein) into skeletal muscles and once again, activates satellite cells to increase muscle growth.
What is a Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)MSUD is a potentially deadly disorder that affects the way the body breaks down three amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, and valine. When they're not being used to build a protein, these three amino acids can either be recycled or broken down for energy. They are normally broken down by six proteins working together as a complex called BCKD (branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase).
People with MSUD have a mutation that renders one of the 6 proteins in the complex deficient. Therefore, they can't break down leucine, isoleucine, and valine. They end up with dangerously high levels of these amino acids in their blood, causing the rapid degeneration of brain cells and, if left untreated, even death. |
Defects in any of the six subunits of the BCKD protein complex can cause MSUD. The most common defect is caused by a mutation in a gene on chromosome 19 that encodes the alpha subunit of the BCKD complex (BCKDHA).
MSUD is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. For a child to get the disease, he or she must inherit a defective copy of the gene from each parent. If both parents carry the MSUD gene, each of their children has a 1 in 4 chance of getting the disorder, and a 1 in 2 chance of being a carrier.
There is a classic form of MSUD and several less-common forms. Each form varies in its severity and characteristics. However, all subtypes of the disorder can be caused by mutations in any of the 6 genes used to build the BCKD protein complex.
A baby who has the disorder may appear normal at birth. But within three to four days, the symptoms appear. These may include loss of appetite, fussiness, and sweet-smelling urine. The elevated levels of amino acids in the urine generate the smell, which is reminiscent of maple syrup. This is how MSUD got its name. If left untreated, the condition usually worsens. The baby will have seizures, go into a coma, and die within the first few months of life.
MSUD is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. For a child to get the disease, he or she must inherit a defective copy of the gene from each parent. If both parents carry the MSUD gene, each of their children has a 1 in 4 chance of getting the disorder, and a 1 in 2 chance of being a carrier.
There is a classic form of MSUD and several less-common forms. Each form varies in its severity and characteristics. However, all subtypes of the disorder can be caused by mutations in any of the 6 genes used to build the BCKD protein complex.
A baby who has the disorder may appear normal at birth. But within three to four days, the symptoms appear. These may include loss of appetite, fussiness, and sweet-smelling urine. The elevated levels of amino acids in the urine generate the smell, which is reminiscent of maple syrup. This is how MSUD got its name. If left untreated, the condition usually worsens. The baby will have seizures, go into a coma, and die within the first few months of life.